Essential Requisites of Contract free essay sample

The contract, in such a case, is presumed to have been entered into in the place where the offer was made. Consent with respect to contracts, it is the agreement of the will of one contracting party with that of another or others, upon the object and terms of the contract. Offer a proposal made by one party to another to enter into a contract. It is more than an expression of desire or hope. It is really a promise to act or to refrain from acting on condition that the terms thereof are accepted by the person (offeree) to whom it is made.Acceptance manifestation by the offeree of his assent to the terms of the offer. Without acceptance, there can be no meeting of the minds between the parties. Acceptance being absolute means that it â€Å"must in every respect meet and correspond with the terms and condition of the offer, plain and unconditional. We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Requisites of Contract or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † Examples: Mar asked Vic this question: â€Å"Do you agree to buy my Honda car, model 1998 for P280,000? † Vic replied, â€Å"Yes, I agree. † Here the offer of Mar to sell the car to Vic is certain and the acceptance of Vic to buy the car is absolute, plain and unconditional. Suppose Vic instead of agreeing to pay Mar P280,000 proposed to pay P230,000 to Mar. Was there a valid acceptance? Sam told Art at a restaurant in Manila, â€Å"I will sell my house and lot at 1054 Basilio, Sampaloc Manila for P1. 2M. Art answered: â€Å"I will give my decision in 3 days. † In 3 days Art’s letter of unconditional acceptance was received by Sam. This was on October 3, 2002. When was the contract perfected? Article 1320. An acceptance may be express or implied. An express acceptance may be oral or written.An implied acceptance is one that is inferred from act or conduct. It has been held that where a person accepts the services of another, whether solicited or not, he has the obligation to pay the reasonable value of the services thus rendered upon the implied contract of lease of service unless it is shown that the service was rendered gratuitously or without any expectation that he would pay for the same. Article 1321. The person making the offer may fix the time, place, and the manner of acceptance, all of which must be complied with.Example: Carl offers to sell his specific lot to Sam for P1M, payable in check upon the execution of deed of sale; he specified that the acceptance should be by mail not later than the end of next month. Sam must send his acceptance not later than the end of next month, addressed to Carl at a specified address. The time, place and manner of acceptance have been specified in the offer. To constitute a valid acceptance Sam must comply with the terms of the offer. Article 1322. An offer made through an agent is accepted from the time acceptance is communicated to him. Article 1323.An offer becomes ineffective upon the death, civil interdiction, insanity, or insolvency of either party before acceptance is conveyed. Article 1324. When the offerer has allowed the offeree a certain period to accept, the offer may be withdrawn at any time before acceptance by communicating such withdrawal, except when the option is founded upon a consideration, as something paid or promised. Example: Sandejas offered to sell his ricefield to Soriano for P1M. In the offer, Sandejas gives Soriano a period of 5 days within which to accept or reject the offer, otherwise Sandejas shall be free to look for another buyer.Under the circumstances, Sandejas may, before the expiration of 5 days (option period), withdraw his offer provided that there had been no previous acceptance made by Soriano. Supposing that Soriano gives Sandejas P200,000 in consideration of which the option period is granted to Soriano, may Sandejas withdraw before the lapse of 5 days? Before notice of acceptance, the offer may be revoked, and the revocation will have the effect of preventing the perfection of the contract, although it may not be known by the acceptant unless revocation is not permitted because of an option period upon consideration.

Book Review of R.J. Palacios Wonder

Book Review of R.J. Palacio's 'Wonder' Wonder, R.J. Palacios debut novel, was written for children 8 to 12 years old, but its message defies genres. Published in 2012, its anti-bullying, pro-acceptance message will resonate with teenagers and even adults as well. Style Some books are action-packed, compelling the reader to turn the page to find out what happens next. Other books are compelling because they invite readers to engage with characters who are real, who come alive off the page, and who pull the reader into their story. Wonder is the latter kind of book. In fact, very little action happens within its pages, and yet readers will find themselves deeply affected by the story. Summary August Pullman (Auggie to his friends) is not an ordinary 10-year-old boy. He feels like one  and has the interests of one, but his face is not ordinary at all. In fact, its the type of face that scares kids and makes people stare. Auggie is pretty good natured about it all. This is the way he is, after all, and while he doesn’t like that people stare, there’s not much he can do about it. Because his face has required many reconstructive surgeries, Auggie has been homeschooled. But there are no more surgeries to be done for a while, and now August’s parents think it’s time that he goes to mainstream school, beginning with fifth grade in the fall. The idea of this terrifies Auggie; he knows how people react to seeing him, and he wonders if he will be able to fit in at school at all. He bravely gives it a go, but finds that it’s much like he expected. Many of the children laugh at him behind his back, and someone has started a game called the Plague, in which people â€Å"catch† a â€Å"disease† if they touch Auggie. One boy, Julian, leads the bullying attacks. He’s the sort of kid whom adults find charming, but in reality, he is quite mean to anyone not in his circle of friends. Auggie does make two close friends: Summer, a girl who actually likes Auggie for who he is, and Jack. Jack started out as Auggie’s â€Å"assigned† friend, and when Auggie finds this out, he and Jack have a falling out. However, they patch things up at Christmas, after Jack gets suspended for hitting Julian for badmouthing Auggie. This leads to a â€Å"war, with the popular boys against Auggie and Jack. While nothing more than mean words, in the form of notes in the lockers, fly between the two camps, the tension between them lasts until the spring. Then theres a confrontation between a group of older boys from a different school and Auggie and Jack at a sleep-away camp. They are hopelessly outnumbered until a group of boys who were formerly against Auggie and Jack help defend them from the bullies. In the end, Auggie has a successful year at school, and even makes the Honor Roll. In addition, the school gives him an award for courage, which he doesnt understand, musing, â€Å"If they want to give me a medal for being me, I’ll take it.† (p. 306) He sees himself as ordinary, and in the face of everything else, he really is just that: an ordinary kid. Review It‘s the straightforward, non-sentimental manner in which Palacio approaches her topic that makes this such an excellent book. Auggie might have an extraordinary face, but hes a regular kid, and that makes him relatable, in spite of his challenges. Palacio also shifts her point of view, telling the story through the eyes of characters other than Auggie. This allows the reader to get to know characters like Auggies sister, Via, who talks about the way her brother takes over the family’s life. However, some of the other viewpoints- especially of Via’s friends- feel somewhat unnecessary and bog down the middle of the book. The power of the book likes in how Palacio creates such a normal, relatable character from a boy living with such an extraordinary physical affliction. Even though Wonder is recommended for children ages 8 through 12, the books themes of identity, bullying, and acceptance make it interesting reading for a wide audience as well. About R.J. Palacio An art director by profession, R. J. Palacio first thought of the idea for Wonder when she and her children were on vacation. While there, they saw a young girl who had a condition similar to Auggie’s. Her children reacted badly, which got Palacio thinking about the girl and what she goes through on a daily basis. Palacio also thought about how she could have better taught her children to respond to situations like this. The book inspired Random House to start an anti-bullying campaign, called Choose Kind, with a site where people can share their experiences and sign a pledge to stamp out bullying. There you can also download an excellent Educator Guide for Wonder to use at home, or with a community grouop. Companion Book Auggie Me: Three Wonder Stories, also by R. J. Palacio, is a 320-page collection of three stories, each told from the point of view of one of three characters from Wonder: the bully Julian, Auggie’s oldest friend, Christopher, and his new friend, Charlotte. The stories take place prior to Auggie’s attending school and during his first year there. This book is neither a prequel nor a sequel to Wonder- in fact, Palacio has made it clear that she does not plan to ever write either. Instead, this book is meant as a companion for those who have already read Wonder and want to extend the experience by learning more about Auggies impact on the people around him.

Exploring the major Sociological theme of Suicide Essay

Exploring the major Sociological theme of Suicide - Essay Example In the Lettres Persanes he speaks of "the misery of the human condition". Speaking of the suicide of Brutus and Cassius, this is what Montesquieu writes: In France, the end of the eighteenth century had seen the beginning of a shift from a moral discourse on suicide to a growing concern with suicide rates. By 1842, Quetelet was investigating the extent to which moral phenomena of suicide could be said to resemble physical phenomena, his answer being that large numbers served to cancel out individual peculiarities and to reveal the institutional and general features of society in the figure of the 'social man', a fictitious being conforming to the median results of statistical analysis. In France, Bertillon's statistical experimentation inspired Durkheim's later adoption of replicative analysis. By the 1850s, French social commentators linked industrialization and the expansion of urban, commercial life to the development of 'gosme' and 'odieux individualisme', both defined in terms Durkheim later applied to anomie, as consequences of moral paralysis. On one hand, pathological individualism was taken to be at the root of social disord er, apathy and exploitation; on both sides of the political spectrum, there was talk of a 'general malaise', of the possibility of social dissolution, and of a 'national decadence', one sign of which was taken to be a falling birth rate and it is interesting to note, as Lukes does, that Durkheim authored a paper on birth rates and suicide in 1888. There was a felt sense that the decline of those traditional moral controls associated with pre-revolutionary social formations had left a vacuum. If one were anticlerical, this vacuum was to be filled by a new, secular morality, answerable in the abstract to reason and in practice to a science of normalcy or health. If one were a Catholic traditionalist, it would be addressed by a revival of Christian moral education and the social authority of the Church. On the other hand, social anarchy, and political anarchism, was likened to forms of 'hysteria' arising from excessive individualism on one hand and the formation of 'crowds' on the other. The mass popularity of romantic literature was blamed for a degenerate aestheticism leading to a suicide 'mania' escorting the types designated social conditions affecting suicide rates, not motivations for individual acts. But it is worth noting that Durkheim's more specific images of the types of suicide are often couched in subjectively

Visual Arts of Japan-Shinto Art Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Visual Arts of Japan-Shinto Art - Term Paper Example The shrines that the Shinto use for worship sites and many other areas of worship are marked by gates, also called torii in Japanese, and they are used to indicate the entrance to the area where the Shinto believe their Kamis reside. The sacred areas are also indicated by the use of ropes from rice straws that are wrapped, for example, on a sacred tree trunk. The Japanese imperial family is a vital player in the Shinto religion and rituals and the Shinto believe that the sun goddess, the Amaterasu was the imperial line’s first ancestor. For this reason, she is one of the most significant artistic representation in Shinto art, represented even on the Japanese flag. Shinto religion has no founder; neither does it possess any sacred scriptures like western religions, for example, the Bible or the Sutra, with preaching and propaganda not as common because of the deep roots that the Shinto have in the traditions of the Japanese people. Because of this, the most enduring aspects of the religion are preserved by the art practiced by the Shinto. The sun goddess, Amaterasu is the most important Kami in Shinto Japan and, as such, is the most represented. The goddess’ mirror is found in the island of Honshu’s Ise shrine and is one of three regalia used by the imperial line along with the jewel and the sword. It is believed that Amaterasu endowed these objects to Ningi, her grandson, when the goddess sent him, to rule over the islands of Japan (Boscaro 17). Sussano, her brother is depicted as the god of the sea in Shinto art with a temperamental and difficult character. While visiting Amaterasu one day, he released colts all over her rice field and destroyed her crops. He went ahead to desecrate her home via smashing a hole into her sewing room’s roof and throwing in a colt’s skin. Amaterasu became furious and retreated into a cave, blocking its entrance with a rock, which caused the entire world to plunge into darkness. Desperate to restore sunlight to earth, the

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma Essay

Crystal Lake Manufacturing A NAFTA Dilemma - Essay Example The west conquest even helped in finding new places to grow broom corn as it appeared to be very fertile. This finally led to the exportation of both U.S. brooms and making equipment which today can be found worldwide. The U.S. broom industry was very successful until 1994 when foreign brooms were allowed into the U.S., duty free. The largest competitor to U.S. corn brooms is Mexico. The decision taken in 1994 lead in 1996 to a debate regarding the "invasion" of Mexico corn brooms and its disastrous effects on the U.S. broom industry (the loss of 49 jobs over 4 years). Consequently, measures were taken by the President to reinstate tariffs on Mexican corn brooms to give time to the domestic industry to implement adjustments to foreign competition. The main differences raised by this dispute inside NAFTA are the production processes used by both industries. On one hand in 1995, 84 per cent of broom corn brooms were produced using the wire-wound process, which is a very labor intensive process and requires skilled craftsmen. The learning of such a technique in order to be fully proficient may require several years. The other 16 per cent were produced using the nailed-machine method, an automation of the broom production process. The wire-wound process using corn broom is the production process used in crystal Lake Manufacturing.

Automatic Number Pate Recognition System Information Technology Essay

Automatic Number Pate Recognition System Information Technology Essay Automatic number pate recognition system is a mass surveillance method that uses optical character recognition on images to read the license plates on vehicles. System might scan number plates at around one per second on cars traveling up to 100mph(160 km/h).they can use existing closed -circuit television or road-rule enforcement cameras, or ones specifically designed for the task. They are used by various police forces and as a method of electronic toll collection on pay-per-use roads and monitoring traffic activity, such as red light adherence in an intersection. ANPR can be used to store the images capture by the cameras as well as the text from the license plate, with some configurable to store a photograph of the driver. Systems commonly use infrared lighting to allow the camera to take the picture at any time of the day. A powerful flash is inclined in at least one version of the intersection-monitoring cameras, serving both to illuminate the picture and to make the offender aware of his or her mistake. ANPR technology tends to be region -specific, owing to pate variation from place to place. Some concerns about these systems have centered on privacy fears of government tracking citizens movements and media reports of misidentification and high error rates. However, as they have developed, the systems have become much more accurate and reliable. There is an increasing requirement to identify vehicles and track their location for a wide number of applications. These include: Congestion charging Several major cities around the world levy a charge a drive within them Car park management Using the number plate to identify the time of entry and departure of a Vehicle. Counter-terrorism Monitoring the arrival and departures of vehicles at major ports. Literature Review Our literature survey mainly focused on automatic number plate system research papers and its existing system along with its application, image processing technique and neural network recognition. These can be clearly illustrated as follows: Automatic number plate recognition system Javaanpr existing open source code in sourceforge.net Thesis describing research, image processing and neural networking technique along with its algorithm in pdf on javaanpr on sourceforge.net Image processing technique ImageJ -api based on java language for digital image processing Image editor -api based on java language made for image processing JAI api -java advance imaging for image processing from sunmicrosystem at java.sun.com. Opencv- Digital Image Processing (text book from library) Neural networking technique Introduction to java neural network second edition by jfheaton at heatonresearch.com Some ocr samples using neuralnetworking at sourcecode.com and its explanation Study on nepali ocr research conducted by madan puraskar guthi(yala Maya Kendra) Ocr sample developed by Google based for Linux available for windows on dot net (tesseract) Jooneengine-java api on neural network not so well developed and efficient at http://www.jooneworld.com Kohenen -java api on self organizing map applied to compress jpeg image. Somdemo-sample java program for illustration how self organizing map works. Program iterately train to converge with identical color from random samples Artificial neural network text book available at library (low price edition from pearson education. Neural networks systematic introduction by Raul Rojas(from lectures at free university at Berlin and later at the university of Halle) Automatic Number Pate Recognition system a)javaanpr Javaanpr open source available at sourceforge.net worked as prototype for building our Nepali automatic Nepali number plate recognition system. It also contain thesis in pdf format prescribing image processing technique and neural networking technique along with its algorithm. It works well recognizing foreign number plates contained as sample in the site. It was beautifully coded applying sophisticated and specialized algorithms for image processing and neural network technique. It also used xml files to save and retrieve neural network training data. Figure: sample javaanpr at sourceforge.net For more information-http://sourceforge.net Image processing Technique a)ImageJ 1.42 ImageJ was first developed on class files now available on GUI interface. User can just process image using various buttons and entries if prescription is required .programmers can develop own macros and plugins to achieve its intended function if required and compile there within and run the code. It is capable of processing both 2D and 3D interactive image processing. Figure. ImageJ graphical window interface For more information: http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ b) Image editor Image editor was also found during search for image processing tool. It is also based on java language and available as java API, now class file are available with GUI interface easing its its manipulation. Image editor api seems inefficient and not so capable for our intended operation and not so much researched. C) JAI api the java advance imaging(JAI) API further extends the java platforms (including the java 2D API) by allowing sophisticated, high -performance image processing to be incorporated into java applets and applications.JAI is a set of classes providing imaging functionality beyond that of Java 2D and the Java Foundation classes, though it is compatible with those APIs. JAI implements a set of core image processing capabilities including image tiling, regions of interest, and deferred execution.JAI also offers a set of core image processing operators including many common point, area, and frequency-domain operators. JAI is intended to meet the needs of all imaging applications. The API is highly extensible, allowing new image processing operations to be added in such a way as to appear to be a native part of it. Thus, JAI benefits virtually all Java developers who want to incorporate imaging into their applets and applications. JAI features Cross-platform imaging Distributed Imaging Object-oriented API Flexible and Extensible Device Independent Powerful High Performance Interoperable Initially program coding was done in JAI Later it becomes little inefficient and we again go for another programming method. For further information-http://java.sun.com d) Digital Image processing (text book from library) e) Opencv The OpenCV implements a wide variety of tools for image interpretation. It is compatible with Intel ® Image Processing Library (IPL) that implements low-level operations on digital images. In spite of primitives such as binarization, filtering, image statistics, pyramids, OpenCV is mostly a high-level library implementing algorithms for calibration techniques (Camera Calibration), feature detection (Feature) and tracking (Optical Flow),shape analysis(Geometry, Contour Processing ),motion analysis (Motion Templates, Estimators ), 3D reconstruction (View Morphing),object segmentation and recognition (Histogram, Embedded Hidden Markov Models, Eigen Objects). The essential features of the library along with functionality and quality is performance. The algorithms are based on highly flexible data structures (Dynamic Data Structures) coupled with IPL data structures; more than a half of the functions have been assembler optimized taking advantage of Intel ® Architecture (Pentium ®MMXà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢,Pentium ® Pro, Pentium ®III, Pentium ®4). Why We Need OpenCV Library The OpenCV Library is a way of establishing an open source vision community that Will make better use of up-to-date opportunities to apply computer vision in the Growing PC environment. The software provides a set of image processing functions, As well as image and pattern analysis functions. The functions are optimized for Intel ® Architecture processors, and are particularly effective at taking advantage of MMX†ºÃ¢â‚¬ º Technology. The OpenCV Library has platform-independent interface and supplied with whole C Sources. OpenCV is open. Relation between Opens and Other Libraries OpenCV is designed to be used together with Intel ® Image Processing Library (IPL) And extends the latter functionality toward image and pattern analysis. Therefore, OpenCV shares the same image format (IplImage) with IPL. Also, OpenCV uses Intel ® Integrated Performance Primitives (IPP) on lower-level, if It can locate the IPP binaries on startup. IPP provides cross-platform interface to highly-optimized low-level functions that Perform domain-specific operations, particularly, image processing and computer Vision primitive operations. IPP exists on multiple platforms including IA32, IA64, And StrongARM. Source:-openCV reference manual.pdf Cmgui-wx-2(.net wrapper class) This openCV tool can be easily integrated with .net platform like c#, visual basic etc. Cmgui is an advanced 3D visualization software package with modeling capabilities.Cmgui is a part of CMISS, a mathematical modeling environment initially developed by the University of Auckland Bioengineering Institute.CMISS stands for Continuum Mechanics, Image analysis. Signal processing and System Identification. There are three major CMISS software packages. Broadly speaking the main areas each piece of software deals with are as follows: CM is used for computational modeling Unemap is used for signal acquisition and processing Cmgui is used for model visualization and manipulation For more information:-wiki/getting started with cmgui Neural Networking technique a) Introduction to java neural network by jeff heaton This book along with video lecture helped very much for us to understand neural networks and learn coding technique. It was published form Heaton research center and they have developed encog framework for neural network where programmer can build fast neural network prototype for fast testing and checking since easy and flexible. After parameters have been determined for best operation such as number of hidden layers and number of neurons in each layer coding can be done since it code will be inflexible for such modification. Book contained different chapters on various types of neural networks and also its application. Only first seven chapters are allowed to read online and rests are not. It provides all its source code on site which also helps in learning and testing. Same book is also available in c# language. For more information-http://heatonreasearch.com/ b) On the beginning of project research we also got OCR sample using neural network at sourcecode.com with explanation. It was written at c#, due to compiler problem I didnt stress here much. c) Nepali OCR For us it was good news and opportunity to study research on Nepali OCR conducted by madan puraskar guthi. Different research papers were available on the site along with image processing portion code used to fragment Nepali character Image written on java. It deals with problem issues and complexity faced on Nepali character like devnagari font. For more information -http:// d) OCR engine tessaract by Google This was used by Nepali OCR for its processing and it supports many languages like Hindi, Nepali, Urdu, arabi etc. we didnt research here much. Figure: segmented portion of Figure : Another segmented portion of For more information-make Google search for link d) joone engine joone engine as a api in hope for easy and efficient coding we consider but it seems unworthy for project work. For beginner liking to test some xor operations and similar may find at least satisfactory otherwise unworthy. For more information-http://www.jooneworld.com/docs/engine.html e)Kohenen This sample also seems beautiful in understanding self organizing map or kohenen network. Here it is used to compress jpeg image. It was programmed on seven packages. For more information-http: // f) som demo This sample tries to converge iteratively with similar colors from randomly scattered pixel colors based on Euclidean distance method. Figure: som before training Figure: som after training For more information-link available at reference http://www.ai-junkie.com/ann/som/ g) Artificial neural Network text book (library) h) Neural network systematic introduction (by Raul Rojas) This book is good for understanding neural network systematically and based on lectures at free university at Berlin and later at the University of Halle. For more introduction-reference at http://www.wikipedia.com/selforganisingmap Figure: sample kohenen neural network (3D kohenen feature map) Source: http://rfhs8012.fh-regensburg.de/~jfroehl/index.html Anpr system application around world Police enforcement Germany On 11 March 2008, the Federal Constitution Court of Germany ruled that the laws permitting the use of automated number plate recognition systems in Germany violated te right to privacy. Hungary Several Hungarian Auxiliary Police units use a system called Matrix Police in cooperation with the police. It consists of a portable computer equipped with a webcam that scans the stolen car database using automatic number plate recognition. The system is installed on the dashboard of selected patrol vehicles (PDA based handled versions exists as well) and is mainly used to control the license plate of parking cars, as the Auxiliary Police doesnt have the authority to order moving vehicles to stop. If a stolen is found, the formal police are informed. United Kingdom The UK has an extensive (ANPR) automatic number plate recognition CCTV network. Effectively, the police and security services track all car movements around the country and are able to track any car in close to real time. Vehicle movements are stored for 5 years in the National ANPR Data Centre to be analyzed for intelligence and to be used as evidence. USA In the USA, ANPR systems are more commonly referred to as LPR (License Plate Reader or License Plate Recognition) technology or ALPR (Automatic License Plate Reader/Recognition) technology. One of the biggest challenges with ALPR technology in the US is the accuracy of the Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-the actual identification of the characters on the license plate. From time to time, states will make significant changes in their license plate protocol that will affect OCR accuracy. They may add a character or add a new license plate design. ALPR systems must adapt to these changes quickly in order to be effective. In addition to the real-time processing of the license plate numbers, some ALPR systems in the US collect data at the time of each license plate capture .Data such as date and time stamps and GPS coordinates can be reviewed in relation to investigations and can help lead to critical breaks such as placing a suspect at a scene, witness identification, pattern recognition or the tracking of suspect individuals. Average Speed cameras Another use of ANPR in the UK, Italy and Dubai (UAE) is for speed cameras which work by tracking vehicles travel time between two fixed points ,and therefore calculate the average speed. These cameras are claimed to have an advantage over traditional speed cameras in maintaining steady legal speeds over extended distances, rather than encouraging heavy braking on approach to specific camera locations and subsequent acceleration back to illegal speeds. UK The longest stretch of average speed cameras in the UK is found on the A77 road in Scotland, with 30 miles (48 km) being monitored between Glasgow and Ayr. Italy In Italian highways has developed a monitoring system named Tutor covering more than 1244 km (2007). Further extensions will add 900 km before the end of 2008. The Tutor system is also able to intercept cars while changing lanes. Traffic control Many cities and district have developed traffic control systems to help the movement and flow of vehicles around the road network. This had topically involved looking at historical data, estimates, observations and statistics such as: Car park usage Pedestrian crossing usage Number of vehicles along a road Areas of low and high congestion Frequency, location and cause of road words The UK Company Traffic master has used ANPR since 1998 to estimate average traffic speeds on non-motorway roads without the results being skewed by local fluctuations caused by traffic lights and similar. The company now operates a network of over 4000 ANPR cameras ,but claims that only the four most central digits are identified , and no number plate data is retained. Electronic toll collection Ontarios 407 ETR highway uses a combination of ANPR and radio transponders to toll vehicles entering and exiting the road. Radio antennas are located at each junction and detect the transponders, logging the unique identify of each vehicle in much the same way as the ANPR system does. There are numerous other electronic toll collection networks which use combination of Radio frequency identification and ANPR. These include: Bridge pass for the Saint John Harbor Bridge in Saint John New Brunswick City link Eastlink in Melbourne, Australia Gateway Motorway and Logan Motorway, Brisbane , Australia Fast Trak in California ,United states Highway 6 in Israel Tunnels in Hong Kong etc Charge zones the London congestion charge The London congestion charge is an example of a system that charges motorists entering a payment area. Transport for London (TFL uses ANPR systems and charges motorists a daily fee of  £8 paid before 10pm if they enter, leave or move around within the congestion charge zone. Stockholm congestion tax In Stockholm, Sweden, ANPR is used for the congestion tax of cars driving into or out of the inner city must pay a charge, depending on the time of the day. Other uses ANPR systems may also be used for/by: Section control, to measure average vehicle speed over longer distances. Border crossings Fillings stations to log when a motorist drives away without paying for their fuel. A marketing tool to log patterns of use Traffic management systems, which determine traffic flow using the time it takes vehicles to pass two ANPR sites. Drive Through Customer Recognition, to automatically recognize customers based on their license plate and offer them their last selection, improving service to the customer To assist visitor management systems in recognizing guest vehicles. Circumvention Techniques (drawback) Vehicles owners have used a variety of techniques in an attempt to evade ANPR systems and road -rule enforcement cameras in general. These methods may be Increasing reflective properties of the lettering and so that system might no locate or produce high enough level of contrast to be able to read Use of plate cover or spray Use of dirt to smear their license plate or utilize covers to mask the plate ANPR imaging hardware The frontend of any Imaging hardware is image capturing device that is camera. Retroreflective camera returns the light back to the source and thus improves the contrast of the image. A camera that makes use of active infrared imaging (with a normal color filter over the lens and infrared illuminator next to it) benefits greatly from this as the infrared waves are reflected back from the plate. This is only possible on dedicated ANPR cameras, however, and so cameras used for other purposes must rely more heavily on the software capabilities. Figure: hardware components used in ANPR system Figure source-http://securityautomation.co.uk To avoid blurring it is ideal to have the shutter speed of a dedicated camera set to 1/1000th of a second. License plate capture cameras can now produce usable images from vehicles traveling at 120 mph (190 km/h).threshold angles of incidence between camera lens and license plate are also major consideration to avoid image distortion during installation. Manufacturers have developed tools to eliminate errors from the physical installation of license plate capture cameras. Research on down sampling character For neural network input character image is down sampled into matrix whose value is binary 1 or 0 according to Boolean property of character on matrix region. It showed that no of samples required is not fixed and it varies with thickness of font traced. Figure: down sampling image character o with 7*5 matrix Figure: downsampling same character image o (buffered) with 32 *35 matrix Research works on algorithms A new algorithm for character segmentation of license plate Character segmentation is an important step in License Plate Recognition (LPR) system. There are many difficulties in this step, such as the influence of image noise, plate frame, rivet, the space mark, and so on. This new algorithm presents character segmentation using Hough transformation and the prior knowledge in horizontal and vertical segmentation respectively. Furthermore, a new object enhancement technique is used for image preprocessing. The experimentation results show a good performance of this new segmentation algorithm. Algorithm (steps) Preprocessing Size normalization Determination of plate kind Object enhancement Horizontal segmentation using Hough transformation Vertical segmentation For more information:-a new algorithm for character segmentation of license plate.pdf an adaptive thresholding algorithm for the augmented reality toolkit It is well known that fixed global thresholds have adverse effects on the reliability of marker-based optical trackers under non-uniform lighting conditions. Mobile augmented reality applications, by their very nature, demand a certain level of robustness against varying external illumination from visual tracking algorithms currently AAR Toolkit depends on fixed-threshold image-binarization in order to detect candidate fiducials for further processing. In an effort to minimize tracking failure due to uniform shadows and reflections on a marker surface, a fast algorithm for selecting adaptive threshold values, based on the arithmetic mean of pixel intensities over a region-of- interest around candidate fiducials. Algorithm This works on a per-marker basis and evaluates the mean pixel luminance over a thresholding region-of -interest (ROI), which is defined as bounding rectangle around the markers axis -aligned corner vertices in screen space. If a marker has been detected in any given frame, its bounding rectangle will be used as thresholding -ROI prediction for successive frames. This method yields good thresholding level in practice, given sufficiently high video frame rates. Fig.1.reflection off a markers surface with adaptive thresholding (upper) and a global threshold (lower) For more information:-10.1.1.9.4636.pdf adaptive license plate image extraction This paper represents the automatic plate localization component of a car license plate recognition system. The approach concerns stages of preprocessing, edge detection, filtering, detection of the plates position, slope evaluation, and character segmentation and recognition. Single gray-level images are used as the only source of information. In the experiments Israeli and Bulgarian license plates were used, camera obtained at different daytime and whether conditions. Algorithm (step) preprocessing for plate candidate identification vertical edge detection rank filtering plate candidate segmentation vertical projection acquisition prime clipping of the plate plate skew evaluation horizontal segmentation plate candidate verification Cray-level distribution consistency considerations

Emily Dickinson and Charles Wright :: essays research papers

Faith and spirituality can be explored in the poetry of the New England poet Emily Dickinson and the Southern poet Charles Wright. Dickinson seeks for inspiration in the Bible, while Charles Wright looks to Dickinson as a source of information, guidance and inspiration. Wright suggest that â€Å"[Dickinson’s] poetry [is] an electron microscope trained on the infinite and the idea of God†¦. Her poems are immense voyages into the unknowable.†(Quarter) Charles Wright whose poetry captures a compilation of influences states that "There are three things, basically, that [he] writes about — language, landscape, and the idea of God." Dickinson and Wright centered their poetry in their belief in God and both share the influence of the Bible. Although, Emily Dickinson physically isolated herself from the world she managed to maintain friendships by communicating through correspondence. Ironically, Dickinson’s poetry was collected and published after her death. Dickinson explores life and death in most of her poems by questioning the existence of God. Dickinson applies common human experiences as images to illustrate the connection from the personal level of the human being, to a universal level of faith and God. This can be seen in Dickinson’s Poem (I, 45). There's something quieter than sleep Within this inner room! It wears a sprig upon its breast— And will not tell its name. Some touch it, and some kiss it— Some chafe its idle hand— It has a simple gravity I do not understand! I would not weep if I were they— How rude in one to sob! Might scare the quiet fairy Back to her native wood! While simple-hearted neighbors Chat of the "Early dead"— We—prone to periphrasis Remark that Birds have fled! Dickinson employs vivid impressions of death in this poem. In the first line, she employs the analogy between sleep and death; sleep is silent but death lives within silence. She uses the word â€Å"it† to help identify something other than human. She declares that â€Å"it†¦.will not tell its name† as thought it refuses to speak and then resents the dead for its stillness and laziness. Then she acknowledges the attraction she has to death by doubting its â€Å"gravity†. In the third stanza, she expresses that she would not cry for the dead because not only is it offensive to the dead but it might panic the soul to return to dust. Christians believe that from the earth we are made and once we die, we return to the dust of the earth.

Kingdom of Life Essay

The Kingdom of Monera is the smallest in size in the biological world but are the most in terms of numbers. They can be found almost everywhere on earth. Monerans are the only kingdom of the prokaryotic type, organisms that lack a nucleus. The most common of this kind is the bacteria, which most people know are harmful for it causes illnesses and some degrees of food poisoning. The division of a single bacterium into two similar daughter cells constitutes the bacterial growth. This process is called binary fission which in turn promotes its population to grow exponentially. Bacteria are said to be the first inhabitants of Earth. Protozoa, fungus-like protists and the algae are the major categories under the kingdom of Protista. Members are categorized as colonial, unicellular or multi-cellular. Organisms under this kingdom are all eukaryotic, meaning they all have a true nucleus. Most undergo mitosis for their growth while some by meiosis and fertilization for their reproduction process. All organisms live in a water-based environment. Network forming which is called mycelia is the common process in which members of the kingdom of fungi grow. Fungi cause diseases in plant like smuts and rusts, while severe damage are from stem root and leaf rots. Most common in humans are athlete’s foot and ringworm among others. Animal diseases are very hard to treat because of its genetic and chemical similarity to fungi. Harmful as they may seem, some fungi members play significant roles in the ecological system. Some plants can’t grow without fungi. Breakthroughs in medicine are synthesized from fungi while others are used for food. The environment can not take form without plants. Humans can’t live without them. That is how important the kingdom of plantae is to our planet and to our lives. Said to lived 360 million years ago, plants vary in sizes, from very small kind to tall huge trees. Plants reproduce asexually and grow with the help of external factors. They are the only living organisms that are able to produce their own food through photosynthesis. Members of the kingdom Animalia are all heterotrophs. Animals, for their sustenance and survival, depends on other organisms around them. All organisms of the kingdom are eukaryotic and multicellular. Animals reproduce sexually through their special cells which when united form the zygotes that later grow into a new individual. The first recorded phyla of this kingdom was a marine specie some 542 million years ago. References: Windows Team, (1998, December 17). Windows to the Universe.    Retrieved, September 27, 2008 from, http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/life/monera.html Carter, Stein J., (2004, November 3). SC Links.    Retrieved, September 27, 2008 from, http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm   

Church Going Essays - Philip Larkin, Church Going, Persona

Church Going Essays - Philip Larkin, Church Going, Persona "Church Going" In Philip Larkin's poem, "Church Going," Mr. Larkin depicts the confusion of an individual, the persona, who is compelled to enter the churches he sees on his bicycle rides. His problem is, that every time he comes away feeling as if he has wasted his time. Larkin uses the persona to describe his feelings toward religion. The persona is split between two ideas of religion. The holy, "ceremonious," view the church takes, versus the belief in the pure spirituality. The persona although drawn to the church seems to be mocking it once inside. His descriptions of the hymnals as "little books," and the altar as "the holy end," demean the sanctity of the church. Ironically, he doesn't think twice about removing his "cycle clips" in place of his hat to show his "reverence." This acts show that for some reason the persona has some respect for at least a part of the church. Larkin uses irony in this situation possibly to depict how the persona's manner at Church has been drilled into his head, most likeliy as a child. The reason he is conflicted is because he grew- up under certain ideals, and although his views may have changed, he can't break his old habits. The act that epitomizes his confusion is when he drops the "Irish sixpence" in the collection box. He continues his old habit, while he also mocks the church by contributing what is essentially nothing but a circular piece of metal. Drawing on conclusions reached from one of Larkins other poems, "Aubade," one can see that Larkin perceives religion as a "vast moth eaten brocade," or in simplier terms, a covering with no inside, much like a twinkie with no creamy filling. He thinks of religion as a phony created to protect man from realizing their true fate. Knowing the prior knowledge one can comprehend that the persona, like Larkin believes that the "phoniness" will eventually be understood by all the people and the parishoners will slowly disapear until the idea of Sunday mass is a memory of long ago. However the persona feels that there is something special about the church something greater than the decorations,something on the spiritual level.

Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Essay Example

Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Essay Example Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Paper Competency Differences, Asn vs. Bsn Nurses Paper A nurse is a healthcare professional, who in collaboration with other members of a health care team is responsible for the treatment, safety, and recovery of acutely or chronically ill individuals. Nurses are also accountable for the health promotion and maintenance of families, communities, populations, and the treatment of life-threatening emergencies in a wide range of health care settings. Nurses perform a range of clinical and non-clinical functions necessary to the delivery of health care and may also be involved in medical and nursing research. This paper will reflect the differences in the necessary competencies for nurses prepared at the associate degree (ADN) and baccalaureate of science (BSN) level. Both the ADN and BSN level, allow the individual to sit for the National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX). After successfully completing the NCLEX, both the ADN and BSN nurse are knowledgeable enough to complete physical assessments, intravenous, and drug administration. Both are also knowledgeable of medical equipment. ADN’s and BSN’s are competent to demonstrate life-saving practices, like airway management, cardiac monitoring oxygen delivery, drains, and wound care. According to Mahaffey, 2002 the Associate Degree (AD) nursing program originated during a period when the nursing personnel shortage was extensive enough, to prepare a practitioner capable of providing direct and safe nursing care under the supervision of a professional nurse in the acute care setting. With that being a fact of the nursing field, many individuals have been attracted to the two year ADN program, versus the four year BSN program. According to Mahaffey (2002), the ADN programs were created because of the increase in violence and the ill populations that followed World War II. Though there are similarities between the ADN and BSN, there are distinct differences that also exist. The Baccalaureate nurse has increased knowledge surrounding professional issues such as research leadership, management skills, transcultural, and public health. Baccalaureate nurse’s have an increased opportunity to advance in administration, supervisory, and leadership positions. After completing the four year program and successfully completing the NCLEX exam, graduates with a BSN can choose from direct patient care, teaching, administration, research, case management, marketing positions in a hospital, community, educational, military, government, industrial, and expanded practice settings. A Baccalaureate nurse practices in a diverse setting, versus a more controlled setting as an Associates nurse. Being currently employed by a well-known hospital in west Phoenix, AZ increases the personal exposure to BSN’s, other ADN’s, and further important personnel that makes up the hospitals team of healthcare professionals. The hospital is a 32 bed emergency department with two major treatment rooms. On average, the department treats 270-300 patients per day. Included in the team of healthcare professionals are two CM’s (clinical managers), on each shift, who each have BSN degrees. The CM’s accountabilities range from completing the assignment sheet, to rounding, bed counts, huddle, call offs, answering general questions, addressing complaints, answering of the patch phone, and arranging bed assignments. Further accountabilities of the CM include arranging employee evaluations and conducting meetings. Essentially, the CM’s are positioned to ensure that the flow and cohesiveness of work shifts are as effective as possible for patients among the BSN’s and ADN’s providing care. Floor nurses, who are mostly comprised of AD nurse’s, are considered technical, or hands on nurses. Each AD nurse is assigned to a zone with six-seven rooms. There are two Registered Nurses (RN’s) and an Emergency Room Technician (ERT) in each zone. The patient to nurse ratio is generally a three to one ratio. Further illustration of how the current place of employment operates, the following example is provided. Suppose there is a patch call with a patient exhibiting chest pain and the ambulance is five minutes out. In this case, the room is equipped and prepared with all the essential needs for the chest pain patient upon their arrival in the ambulance. After the patient has arrived, the primary nurse on duty receives a report from the Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) that accompanied and provided initial care to the patient in the ambulance. At the same time, the secondary nurse and ERT become technical, or hands on. The patient is administered oxygen, cardiac monitors are placed, an EKG is administered, locks and labs are drawn, normal saline is administered, and a urinalysis is taken along with the patients’ blood glucose level. Each of these tasks is initiated prior to the Emergency Room Medical Doctor (MD) seeing the patient, or at the same time. Emergency rooms around the world operate in similar fashions to ensure that time is of the essence and that a patients recovery from their medical issue is the number one priority for the medical team on duty. In closing, both the ADN and BSN programs are preparatory tools for an individual to become a nurse. Though differences exist among the accountabilities for each, both positions are essential for the operations of a successful medical organization to exist. Through the pursuit of this BSN curriculum and eventual certification, it will be of personal gratitude, to have the ability of applying current education to the learning process of watching team members closer and asking appropriate questions of each mentioned in this document. References Caruso E. The evolution of nurse-to-nurse bedside report on a medical-surgical cardiology unit. Med-surg Nurs. 2007;16(1):17–22. Kerr M. 2002; 37(2):125–134 A qualitative study of shift handover practice And function from a Socio-technical perspective. J Adv Nurse. Mahaffey, E. , (2002). The relevance of associate degree nursing education Past, present, future. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 7 (2), 1-12. Retrieved March 6, 2011 from nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume72002/No2May2002/RelevanceofAssociateDegree. aspx

Finance crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance crisis - Essay Example The history was documented in various forms which later communicated with the succeeding civilisation and revealed the history. With the roll of time various means of communication were discovered and put to use by man. In the present age which is driven by technology, it provides more than one means of communication that makes communication all the more easy and dynamic in nature. Besides, newspapers, magazines, journals, television, the moving pictures are also a means of communication which could be used by the communication for far reaching consequences. One of the many forms of moving pictures use for communication is the documentaries. According to the words of International Documentary Association, a documentary is a form of moving pictures which is non-fictitious in nature and which is primarily used for documenting reality. The audio and visual elements make documentaries even more appealing and add credibility to the document that it features. In the present technology driv en age it is one of the most important and popular means of communication with a larger appeal. ... e entire world economy during 2008 and beyond took shape from an economy which was known as one of the most stabilized economies and peaceful land among the world economies. According to Keynes (1936) the smooth flowing world economy was destabilized during the late 2000s and such a scenario was seen in Iceland for the very first time and even in the world. Krugman (2008) explains economic crisis is one the retarding factors that have pulled down the steep growth of the world economy including the subsequent growth of the smaller economies which have gained a new impetus in the growth of their economies. Kothari (2010) defines economic crisis as a collection of varied circumstances that results in the huge loss of the nominal value of their financial assets. He further explains that an organisation or a company has a number of stakeholders who are directly or indirectly related to the organisation or company through a financial relation. An economic crisis turns a company into a drie d well of financial resources and a result the stakeholders of the company even suffers through immense lack of financial resources. According to the observations of Kothari (2010) the economic crisis faced by the entire world has turned a disturbingly huge number of people jobless and thus penniless. People all over the world lost their jobs while others bargained for the job in exchange of one of the most meager sum of money. As more and more people turned jobless the chaos and panic regarding being jobless seemed to engulf them over a long time. He further elucidated the different kinds of economic crisis. Firstly it is the banking crisis where the depositors of the respective banks immediately ask for returning their deposited money. The bank faces a crisis over the availability of the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Leadership - Essay Example Taking risks can be fruitful in most of the cases as you either succeed or you learn a lesson but at the same time it is very important to calculate the amount of risk that you can afford to take. So this is a challenge for the leaders to identify the amount of risk they can afford (Hersey, 1977). It is very important for leaders take care of stretching themselves but that is without pulling a muscle which means not putting themselves in a state where they have nothing face but failures. Like for example if we talk about Cathy Spotts, general manager of a Fortune 500 company, she was the lady who always took 30 percent risk in her career and kept 70 percent things on the safe side. This helped her build a successful career as she was risk taking but only stretched herself till the time she dint pulled her muscle. She had the appropriate skill sets, had great self confidence and possessed excellent leadership skills. Question 2: Cultural Change and Leadership perspective A successful cultural change primarily relates to a combination of participative and transformational leadership. In enterprises it is the founders that form the company’s culture. This is done through a clear vision and a powerful motive. They search such people who are best fitted and have a desire to participate. In case of entrepreneurs, the culture of the business is whatever suits them. The participative and transformational styles of leadership are mainly the ones that are suitable for getting a cultural change going for businesses which have been in competition for long and possess a robust culture (Bass, 1994). It does not imply that the leader in the cultural change is not using power. They do use it but not autocratically. In such a leadership style power is used for articulating problems, indicating boundaries, breaking through barriers, changing players and making space for rejuvenation. Question 3: Code of Ethics Generally the code of ethics is used in professional and busin ess context to make sure that the public corporations and the members of regulated professions act in a professional and also a socially acceptable manner. Organizations that have published and established code of ethics have review processes and the procedures for appeals to safeguard against the spiteful or self-serving use of code for the benefits at the individual level. Code of ethics is a set of rules based on behavior that employees of the company should follow for ensuring values of the company in every deal it makes. Regardless of how big the business may be, evidently defined codes and directly monitored transactions ought to keep the company from violation of laws and making it such a place where all the employees are comfortable doing the right thing. Code of ethics guides the behavior and are not just designed for bad people. They serve as a guideline for all the people who are in an unclear or difficult situation. Question 4: Nash’s Ethical Decision Making Frame work There are a few things that have been identified by Nash that are very helpful in ethical decision making. In this framework it has been suggested that it is extremely important to define the problem accurately. It is not just the identification of the problem that is important but also thinking empathetically is very significant before taking such a decision. Analyzing the situation occurring in the first place, defining the intention of your decision, the impact